System to measure density, specific gravity, and flow rate of fluids, meter, and related methods

ABSTRACT

A system to measure fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, meter, and methods includes a pipeline having a passageway to transport flowing fluid therethrough, a process density meter including at least portions thereof positioned within the pipeline to provide flowing fluid characteristics including volumetric flow rate, fluid density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid, and a fluid characteristic display to display the fluid characteristics. The process density meter includes a vortex-shedding body positioned within the pipeline to form vortices and a vortex meter having a vortex frequency sensor to measure the frequency of the vortices and to determine the volumetric flow rate. The process density meter further includes a differential pressure meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal indicative of the density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline. The process density meter also includes a thermal flow meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of the mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline. The process density meter produces an output of a volumetric flow rate, a flowing fluid density, and a mass flow rate to be displayed by the fluid characteristic display.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 60/495,743, filed on Aug. 15, 2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to flow meters. In more specific aspects, the present invention relates to the measurement of the density, specific gravity, and flow rate of flowing fluids, systems, apparatus and methods.

2. Description of the Related Art

Many industrial facilities feed fuel gases to their industrial combustion processes. Particularly, these fuel gases tend to be low molecular weight hydrocarbon fuel gases. These fuel gases typically have a constantly changing hydrocarbon composition. To maintain an efficient fuel-air ratio combustion control, the BTU content, must be known. The BTU content of the fuel gas can be determined directly via a BTU analysis or the BTU content can be inferred from the fuel gas density or specific gravity. Both direct BTU measurement and density measurement techniques are typically expensive and complex. Most industrial combustion processes with varying composition fuel gases use either gas chromatographs to measure the BTUs or vibrating spool densitometers to determine fuel gas density. However, both of these instruments, though accurate, are very costly and require highly skilled technicians to conduct frequent maintenance.

The typical gas chromatographs can provide 0.1% BTU measurement accuracy but are very complex. For example, the Yamatake Model HGC303 Heat Value Gas Chromatograph manufactured by Yamatake Corporation, located in Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, uses a gas chromatography measuring principle to measure heat value of natural gas and is used generally for the purpose of natural gas consumption management. A heated filament is contained in a stainless steel block of the detector. The individual components of the gas sample are separated in chromatograph columns and passed through a detector. Each component of the gas that passes through the detector transfers heat from the measuring thermistor to the wall of the block. The amount of heat transferred is dependent on the concentration and thermal conductivity of the gas component. The resistance of the measuring thermistor changes relative to the reference thermistor. This change is converted to a voltage.

A vibrating spool densitometer can also theoretically obtain a gas density stated accuracy as high as 0.1%. They require, however, specialized sampling and discharge arrangements. For example, the Solartron B1253 manufactured by Solartron Mobrey Limited, located in Slough Berks England, is a gas density meter whose measuring principle is based on the use of a resonating cylinder. The pipeline containing the gas is tapped to extract a continuous gas sample to be passed through a density transducer. The density of the gas flowing through a transducer changes the natural resident frequency of the cylinder. By maintaining this vibration and measuring its frequency electronically, the density of the gas which is directly related to mass flow can be determined.

Flame BTU analyzers can give between 0.4-2.0% BTU measurement accuracy but are also very complex. For example, the COSA 9600 manufactured by COSA Instrument located in Norwood N.J. is a flame BTU analyzer whose measuring principle, typically called the “residual oxygen measurement method,” is based on the analysis of the oxygen content of a sample of fuel gas after combustion. A continuous sample of gas is mixed with dry air at a precise ratio selected dependent upon the BTU range of the gas to be measured. The fuel-air mixture is oxidized in a combustion furnace in the presence of a catalyst at 800° C., and an oxygen concentration of the combustion sample is measured by a zirconia oxide cell. The residual oxygen provides a measurement of the combustion air requirement of the sample gas.

Coriolis meters can be used for fuel gas density measurement while being somewhat less complex for certain types of fuel gases. The measurement of the mass flow rate in a Coriolis meter is based on the principle of causing a medium to flow through a flow tube inserted in the pipe and vibrating during operation, whereby the medium is subjected to Coriolis forces. The latter causes the inlet-side and outlet-side portions of the flow tube to vibrate out of phase with respect to each other. The magnitude of these phase differences is a measure of the mass flow rate. The vibrations of the flow tube are therefore sensed by use of two vibration sensors positioned at a given distance from each other along the flow tube and converted by these sensors into measurement signals having a phase difference from which the mass flow rate is derived. The meters, however, typically cannot accurately measure low molecular weight gas density.

There is a need to easily and without an excessively complex instrument measure density and flow rate of low molecular weight fuel gases fed to combustion boilers. Vortex Shedding Flow Meters are fairly simple instruments requiring little maintenance. Fluid passing around a bluff body produces a stream of vortices with a generation rate which is proportional to the flow rate of the fluid. A sensor responsive to the vortices produces a signal having a frequency representing the flow rate. The flow rate signal can then be used for calculating the resulting volumetric flow rate of the fluid in the pipe. The measure of fluid flow rate for the Vortex Shedding Flow Meter, however, is independent of density. Thus, it is not possible to derive density or mass flow rate from the volumetric flow rate measurement, alone, especially where the fluid is in a gaseous form. An Averaging Pitot Tube and a Thermal Flow Meter, however, both measure flow rate dependent upon fluid density.

Various devices trying to apply this principle have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,477, by Miller, titled “Planar-Measuring Vortex-Shedding Mass Flow Meter” describes placing up to two dynamic pressure ports of a differential pressure measuring device at the upstream surface of the vortex-shedding body and placing a static pressure port along the circumference of the production pipe housing the vortex meter in a position traverse to the fluid flow and within one-half of the vortex wavelength of the dynamic pressure port. The dynamic pressure port passageways extend through the production pipe and are coupled via a manifold connector on the external surface of the production pipe. A divider circuit divides the electrical signal of the differential pressure measuring device by a flow rate signal obtained from the velocity sensing portion of the device to obtain mass flow. Because it requires breaching the production pipe for each of the static and dynamic ports of the differential pressure measuring device, however, the device, is complex to install. Additionally, it is not sufficiently accurate because it does not directly provide pressure and temperature compensated density.

Also, for example, in GB 2,212,271A, by Jackson et a., titled “Gas Flow Meter,” the meter calculates gas density in order to compute the values for mass flow. The gas density, however, is not continuously measured through all flow ranges but is instead computed based on charted data. The thermal flow meter portion, separate from the vortex flow meter portion, only measures mass flow at low flow rates and the vortex meter portion only measures velocity at high flow rates with an overlap region in which the outputs of the two portions of the device are combined to provide a calculated gas density to determine mass flow rate for the high flow rates. Temperature is monitored and can sometimes be applied to attempt to correct the calculated gas density during an interim where the flow velocity is outside the overlap region, and thus, unable to provide for a truly updated gas density calculation. The device does not have a combined unit that measures fluid density at substantially all operational flow rates, and therefore cannot provide for a continuously updated gas density much less a continuously updated gas density output. Also, the device is truly two separate devices as the separate thermal flow meter is positioned in a separate meter passage than that of the vortex flow meter and is thus more difficult and complex to install.

Accordingly, the Applicant has recognized that there still exists a need for a simple, no-moving-part, and low-cost industrial metering instrument capable of measuring and outputting process fluid density as well as flow rate. Applicant has especially recognized the need for an integrated metering instrument accurate for measuring low molecular weight fuel gases fed to combustion process. Applicant also recognized a need for a metering instrument for both measuring and outputting volumetric flow rate, mass flow rate, and density of a fuel gas without resorting to a complex device. Applicant has further recognized that an accuracy of approximately 2-4% for a density meter can be acceptable as a trade-off for having less costly, less maintenance intensive integrated metering instrument, rather than a separate and complex analyzer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, embodiments of the present invention advantageously and uniquely integrate well-known industrial flow meter operating principles into a single industrial instrument. Embodiments of the present invention provide a simple, low-cost flow metering components integrated into a single flow metering device capable of measuring process fluid density as well as flow rate. Advantageously, embodiments of the present invention contain no moving parts and very little required maintenance.

An embodiment of the present invention also advantageously provides a system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline to provide a volumetric flow rate, a mass flow rate, and density of flowing fluid. Further embodiments of the present invention further advantageously provide a process density meter for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline. Another embodiment of the present invention advantageously provides a method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline.

More particularly, the system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a pipeline having a passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough. The fluid can be in the form of a plurality of various types of liquids or gases, such as a combustion gas, or a mixture thereof.

The system also has a process density meter preferably having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline. In the typical configuration, the bulk of the electronics, other than sensors (described below) are located external to the pipeline and the sensors and related equipment are located within the confines of the pipeline. The process density meter can include a process density meter housing to house the sensors and related equipment and to support a vortex-shedding body of a vortex measuring device within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.

The process density meter includes a vortex-shedding body positioned within the fluid passageway of the pipeline. The vortex-shedding body is preferably in the form of a three-dimensional bluff body having an upstream side and a plurality of downstream sides. In the preferred configuration, the vortex-shedding body is adapted to connect to the pipeline or pipeline housing on opposite sides within the fluid passageway of the pipeline. The vortex-shedding body includes an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline which have or contain a plurality of total pressure inlet ports positioned in the upstream surface. The vortex-shedding body also includes a plurality of downstream surfaces which have or contain a plurality of static pressure inlet ports positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces. The total pressure ports and static pressure ports can be used in conjunction with a differential pressure sensing device such as a pitot-type differential pressure meter, described below. The plurality of upstream ports and downstream ports provide the ability to average the pressures across the vortex-shedding body within the pipeline, thus improving meter accuracy, and serve to resist plugging, minimizing the need for maintenance on the process density meter. Having the plurality of downstream surfaces, rather than a cylindrical shape, can improve vortex-shedding and delineation between the total and static pressures. The vortex-shedding body also can have a thermal sensor inlet port, typically positioned in the upstream surface, and correspondingly, a thermal sensor outlet port positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces. A fluid passageway extends between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough for use with a thermal flow sensing device such as the thermal flow meter.

The process density meter also includes a vortex measuring device such as a vortex meter. The vortex meter measures the frequency of vortices shed from the vortex-shedding body to produce a signal indicative of volumetric fluid flow rate within the pipeline. The vortex meter includes a memory, a vortex frequency sensor, and a volumetric flow rate calculator. The memory stores pipeline volume data for use by the volumetric flow rate calculator. The pipeline volume data generally includes the inner diameter of the pipeline along with other data as known to those skilled in the art necessary to determine cross-sectional area of the inner dimensions of the pipeline. The vortex frequency sensor senses the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body. The vortex frequency sensor is preferably in the form of a strain gauge or pressure transducer but can embody other forms and still be within the scope of the present invention. The volumetric flow rate calculator, positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor, calculates a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline.

The vortex-shedding body of the process density meter further includes a total pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the upstream surface. The total pressure manifold has a plurality of total pressure inlet channels which are preferably coaxially aligned with the plurality of total pressure inlet ports in the upstream surface, and a total pressure outlet channel which is in fluid communication with the plurality of total pressure inlet channels so that a first portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the total pressure inlet ports and out of the total pressure outlet channel. The vortex-shedding body also includes a static pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the downstream surface or services having the corresponding static pressure inlet ports. The static pressure manifold has a plurality of static pressure inlet channels aligned with the plurality of static pressure inlet ports and a static pressure outlet channel so that a second portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the static pressure inlet ports and out of the static pressure outlet channel.

The process density meter also includes a differential pressure measuring device such as a differential pressure meter. The differential pressure meter is preferably positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body. The differential pressure meter includes a total pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the total pressure manifold outlet channel, and a static pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the static pressure manifold outlet channel. The differential pressure meter also includes a differential pressure converter positioned to receive fluid pressure from the total pressure inlet and the static pressure inlet and to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal proportional to density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the differential pressure meter is positioned also to receive an ambient temperature signal and a static pressure signal. The ambient temperature signal can be either from an ambient temperature sensor associated with the thermal flow meter (described later) or separate ambient temperature sensor. The static pressure signal can be either from the differential pressure converter, a tap in the static pressure inlet, or determined from a separate static pressure sensor. The ambient temperature signal and static pressure signal can be used by the differential pressure meter to produce a temperature and pressure compensated differential pressure meter flow rate signal. If the differential pressure meter, however, is not so equipped to accept such inputs for compensating the differential pressure meter flow rate signal for pressure and temperature, a separate signal conditioner can be used either on the differential pressure meter flow rate signal or on a later calculated density signal.

Advantageously, in an embodiment of the present invention, the process density meter can include a thermal flow measuring device, such as a thermal flow meter, appropriately positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline. The thermal flow meter can have one or multiple thermal flow meter elements installed in, on, or next to the leading edge of the vortex shedding meter body, but is preferably positioned within the vortex-shedding body to minimize electrical wiring requirements.

The process density meter further includes a fluid characteristic determiner positioned in communication with the vortex meter, the differential pressure meter, and the thermal flow meter, to process sensed signals therefrom. The fluid characteristic determiner includes a fluid density calculator and a fluid mass flow rate calculator. The fluid density calculator is responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal received from the differential pressure meter and is positioned to calculate a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density.

Advantageously, in an embodiment where the process density meter includes the vortex meter, the differential pressure meter, and a thermal flow meter, the process density meter can also include a verifier responsive to the density signal and the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to verify the accuracy of the density signal and the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner. To perform the density comparison, the verifier has its own fluid density calculator responsive to the mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter to calculate a verification density signal to be used to compare with the density signal from the fluid density calculator of the fluid characteristic determiner. If both density signals are within a minimum tolerance of each other, such as 4%, the verifier can output a signal indicating a minimum accuracy of the process density meter.

To perform the density comparison, the verifier also has a comparator that is responsive to the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and is positioned to receive the density signal from the fluid density calculator of the verifier to compare the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner with the density signal from the fluid density calculator of the verifier to verify reliability of the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and to output a density verification signal indicating verified density and to thereby determine the accuracy of the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner.

To perform the mass flow rate comparison, the comparator of the verifier is also responsive to the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and is positioned to receive the mass flow rate from the thermal flow meter to compare the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner with the mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter to verify reliability of the mass flow rate from the fluid characteristic determiner and to output a mass flow rate verification signal indicating verified mass flow rate and to thereby determine the accuracy of the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner.

The system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline can also include a fluid characteristic display positioned external to the fluid passageway of the pipeline. The fluid characteristic display is in communication with the process density meter and is typically positioned remote from the process density meter sensors. The fluid characteristic display is positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal, the first density signal, and the second mass flow rate signal from the process density meter to display volumetric flow rate, flowing fluid density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid to a user thereof The volumetric flow rate is preferably received from the vortex meter. The density signal and mass flow rate signals are typically from the fluid characteristic determiner. If a signal conditioner is utilized and implemented to condition the signals from the fluid characteristic determiner, however, the density signal can be from the signal conditioner. Also, where the process density meter is configured with a verifier, the fluid characteristic display further can display a density verified and the mass flow rate verified indication.

In another an embodiment of the present invention, the system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline includes a pipeline having a passageway with a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough, a process density meter, a thermal flow meter, and a fluid characteristic determiner. The process density meter, preferably having at least portions thereof positioned within a first fluid passageway of the pipeline, can include a vortex-shedding body positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, a vortex meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body, and a volumetric flow rate calculator. The vortex-shedding body is preferably in the form of a three-dimensional bluff body having an upstream side or surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis of the first fluid passageway, and a plurality of downstream sides or surfaces. The vortex-shedding body also can have a thermal sensor inlet port, typically positioned in the upstream surface, and correspondingly, a thermal sensor outlet port positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces. A second fluid passageway extends between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough. The vortex meter includes a memory having pipeline volume data stored therein, and a vortex frequency sensor positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to sense the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body, to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body. The volumetric flow rate calculator, positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor, calculates a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline.

The thermal flow meter, positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline, includes a thermal flow probe and a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator. The thermal flow probe is positioned within the second fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and thermal sensor outlet port in the vortex shedding body to house a plurality of thermal sensors which are positioned to provide thermal energy and to sense temperature of a portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline. The thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator calculates the mass flow rate signal, responsive to the plurality of thermal sensors.

The fluid characteristic determiner, positioned in communication with the vortex meter and the thermal flow meter, processes sensed signals therefrom. The fluid characteristic determiner includes a fluid density calculator which, responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and mass flow rate signal received from the thermal flow meter, calculates a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density.

Advantageously, a further embodiment of the present invention also includes a process density meter for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline including a fluid passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough, and having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline. The process density meter generally includes a vortex meter and associated equipment and a thermal flow meter and associated equipment, a fluid characteristic determiner, and a fluid characteristic display positioned external to the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, in communication with the vortex meter and the fluid characteristic determiner, and positioned to receive a volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter, a mass flow rate from the thermal flow meter, and a fluid density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to display volumetric flow rate, density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid, to a user thereof.

In this embodiment of the present invention, in the typical configuration, the bulk of the electronics, other than sensors, are located external to the pipeline, and the sensors and related equipment are located within the confines of the pipeline. The process density meter can include a process density meter housing to house the sensors and related equipment and to support a vortex-shedding body of a vortex measuring device within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.

The process density meter includes a vortex-shedding body positioned within the fluid passageway of the pipeline. The vortex-shedding body is preferably in the form of a three-dimensional bluff body having an upstream side and a plurality of downstream sides. The vortex-shedding body is preferably adapted to connect to the pipeline or pipeline housing on opposite sides within the fluid passageway of the pipeline, but can be less than the diameter of the pipeline or pipeline housing. The vortex-shedding body includes an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline which preferably has or contains a thermal sensor inlet port. The vortex-shedding body also includes a plurality of downstream surfaces, at least one of which preferably has or contains a thermal sensor outlet port A fluid passageway extends between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough for use with a thermal flow sensing device such as the thermal flow meter.

The process density meter also includes a vortex meter. The vortex meter measures the frequency of vortices shed from the vortex-shedding body to produce a signal indicative of volumetric fluid flow rate within the pipeline. The vortex meter includes a memory, a vortex frequency sensor, and a volumetric flow rate calculator. The memory stores pipeline volume data for use by the volumetric flow rate calculator. The pipeline volume data generally includes the inner diameter of the pipeline along with other data as known to those skilled in the art necessary to determine cross-sectional area of the inner dimensions of the pipeline. The vortex frequency sensor senses the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body. As stated with regard to the previous embodiments, the vortex frequency sensor is preferably in the form of a strain gauge or pressure transducer but can embody other forms. The volumetric flow rate calculator, positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor, calculates a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline.

The process density meter advantageously includes a thermal flow meter. The thermal flow meter is appropriately positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline. The thermal flow meter can have one or multiple thermal flow meter elements installed in, on, or next to the leading edge of the vortex shedding meter body, but is preferably positioned within the vortex-shedding body to minimize electrical wiring requirements. The thermal flow meter can include a thermal flow probe to house a plurality of thermal sensors and optionally positioned within the fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and thermal sensor outlet port in the vortex-shedding body. When so positioned, the thermal flow probe typically has a thermal sensor inlet positioned in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port in the upstream surface of the vortex-shedding body to allow a portion of fluid flowing through the fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe and a thermal sensor outlet positioned in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port in at least one of the downstream surfaces of the vortex-shedding body to allow the portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe. A thermal probe channel extends between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet so that a portion of fluid when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet and so that the portion of fluid passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet passes out of the thermal sensor outlet and out of the thermal sensor outlet port. As stated above, although the thermal flow probe is described as positioned within the vortex-shedding body, the thermal flow probe can be alternatively positioned on or next to the vortex-shedding body provided the thermal flow probe is able to receive or “see” the flowing fluid and the flow through the thermal flow probe is either not obstructed or the thermal flow meter compensates for the disturbed flow resulting from the obstruction.

An ambient temperature sensor is preferably positioned within the thermal probe channel to detect ambient temperature of the portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and thermal sensor outlet. A thermal flow detection sensor is also preferably positioned within the thermal probe channel to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet. The thermal flow meter includes a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator responsive to the ambient temperature sensor and the thermal flow detection sensor to calculate the mass flow rate signal of the thermal flow meter.

The fluid characteristic determiner includes the primary calculator assembly of the process density meter. The fluid characteristic determiner is positioned in communication with the vortex meter and the thermal flow meter, to process sensed signals therefrom. The fluid characteristic determiner includes a fluid density calculator and a fluid mass flow rate calculator. The fluid density calculator is responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the thermal flow meter mass flow rate signal received from the mass flow rate meter and is positioned to calculate a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density.

Advantageously, a fluid characteristic display of the process density meter is in electrical communication with the process density meter and is typically positioned remote from the process density meter sensors. The fluid characteristic display is positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal, the density signal, and the second mass flow rate signal to display volumetric flow rate, flowing fluid density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid to a user thereof The volumetric flow rate is preferably received directly from the vortex meter. The density signal is received from the fluid characteristic determiner, and the mass flow rate signal is preferably directly from the thermal flow meter, though other methodologies are within the scope of the present invention.

An embodiment of the present invention also advantageously provides a method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline using a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline. Generally, the method includes positioning a vortex-shedding (bluff) body within a pipeline; measuring the frequency of the vortices shed from the vortex-shedding body; determining volumetric flow rate; measuring the differential between the pressure experienced on the flow side of the vortex-shedding body and the static pressure of the fluid in the pipeline; measuring the static pressure and ambient temperature of the fluid in the pipeline; determining density and mass flow rate; and outputting density, mass flow rate, and volumetric flow rate.

More specifically, after predetermining a cross-sectional area of a pipeline having a flowing fluid and installing a vortex-shedding bluff body generally positioned across the inner diameter of the pipeline, transverse to the direction of a flowing fluid, the user, measures the vortex frequency shedding rate generated by the vortex-shedding body. The vortex meter typically determines volumetric flow rate by calculating the product of the fluid flow rate as determined from the vortex frequency sensor and the cross-sectional area of the column fluid flowing within the pipeline.

The user also installs an ambient temperature sensor positioned to be able to sample the temperature of the flowing fluid within the pipeline unaffected by other components of the present invention. The ambient temperature of the flowing fluid and static pressure of the flowing fluid is measured.

The user installs a differential pressure meter, preferably in the form of an averaging pitot tube meter, to interface with the vortex-shedding body. The differential pressure meter measures the total pressure of the flowing fluid on the vortex-shedding body and the static pressure of the flowing fluid and can determine the differential pressure between a total and static pressures. The differential pressure meter outputs a density dependent flow rate signal that is typically proportional to a volumetric flow rate but can be proportional to other density and flow rate dependent values. The differential pressure meter output signal can be corrected for temperature and pressure by the differential pressure meter.

A true flowing fluid specific gravity can be determined from the predetermined base specific gravity, the vortex meter flowing fluid flow rate, and density dependent differential pressure meter flow rate. Density of the flowing fluid can correspondingly be determined from the flowing fluid specific gravity and base density by a fluid characteristic determiner having a fluid density calculator. Mass flow can also be calculated from the flowing fluid density calculated by the fluid characteristic determiner and volumetric flow rate from the vortex meter. A fluid characteristic display can be positioned to receive the density, volumetric flow rate, and mass flow rate and display each.

Where the configuration selected for the differential pressure meter does not provide for pressure and temperature compensation, the density and mass flow calculation can be inaccurate. A signal conditioner can determine density corrected for pressure and temperature from the static pressure of the differential pressure meter and ambient temperature of the independent ambient temperature sensor or ambient temperature sensor of a thermal flow meter, if so configured. In either configuration, density and mass flow rate, along with volumetric flow rate from the flow meter, can be output to the fluid characteristic display in a manner known and understood by those skilled in the art.

In an embodiment of the present invention the user can install a thermal flow meter adjacent the vortex-shedding body. If so installed, the thermal flow meter is capable of measuring a thermal energy change and outputting a signal indicative of mass flow rate independent of density so that the density and mass flow rate calculated from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal can be verified. The mass flow rate, which is not fluid-density dependent, can be determined directly from the mass flow meter. A verifier having its own fluid density calculator can determine density from the mass flow rate signal of the thermal flow meter in conjunction with the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter. The verifier, having a comparator, can also compare the density signal determined from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal with the density signal from the density calculator of the verifier in order to verify reliability of the density determined from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal. If the density signal is within a preselected tolerance, the verifier can output a density verified signal to the fluid characteristic display. The comparator can also compare the mass flow signal determined from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal with the mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter in order to verify reliability of the mass flow rate determined from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal is within preselected tolerance. If so, the verifier can output a mass flow rate verified signal to the fluid characteristic display.

In another embodiment of the present invention, as with the previous embodiment, the user preferably predetermines a cross-sectional area of a pipeline having a flowing fluid. The user installs the vortex-shedding bluff body. The user also installs a vortex frequency detection device, part of a vortex meter, in the vortex-shedding body, the housing, or in a position on, in, or within the pipeline in the vicinity of the vortex-shedding body. As fluid flows through the pipeline, the vortex-shedding body causes vortices to be shed. The vortex meter measures the frequency of Von Karman vortices shed by a vortex-shedding body. The vortex meter then determines volumetric flow rate of the flowing fluid from the flowing fluid rate measured by the vortex frequency sensor and predetermined pipeline volumetric data, generally stored in the memory of the vortex meter, and outputs a respective vortex meter flowing fluid flow rate signal. The vortex meter typically determines volumetric flow rate by calculating the product of the fluid flow rate as determined from the vortex frequency sensor and the cross-sectional area of the column fluid flowing within the pipeline.

The user also installs a thermal flow meter or similar device adjacent the vortex-shedding body which is capable of measuring mass flow rate and outputting a signal indicative of mass flow rate that is independent of fluid density. A fluid characteristic determiner having a fluid density calculator can determine density from the vortex meter flowing fluid flow rate signal, and mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter. All three fluid characteristic measurements, density, mass flow rate, and volumetric flow rate can be translated to the user through the fluid characteristic display or other methodology as known and understood by those skilled in the art.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the system includes computer readable medium that is readable by a computer for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, such as the fluid characteristic determiner, the computer readable medium comprising a set of instructions that, when executed by the computer, cause the computer to perform the operations of receiving from a vortex meter, positioned adjacent a vortex shedding body, a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline, and receiving a differential pressure meter flow rate signal representing a differential pressure across the vortex-shedding body, the differential pressure meter having a total pressure inlet port positioned in the upstream surface of the vortex shedding body The instructions also include those for determining a first determined density and specific gravity dependent fluid flow rate, responsive to the differential pressure meter flow rate signal and the volumetric flow rate signal.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the system includes a computer readable medium that is readable by a computer for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, such as the fluid characteristic determiner, the computer readable medium comprising a set of instructions that, when executed by the computer, cause the computer to perform the operations of receiving from a vortex meter, positioned adjacent a vortex shedding body, a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline, receiving from a mass flow rate meter, positioned adjacent the vortex shedding body, a mass flow rate signal indicating a measured mass flow rate of the fluid, determining a density of the fluid, responsive to the mass flow rate signal from the mass flow rate meter and the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter, and displaying density, mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate to a user thereof on a fluid characteristic display.

Advantageously an embodiment of the present invention can provide an instrument intended for use in industrial combustion processes using low molecular weight hydrocarbon fuel gases, but may be used in any industrial process where simple, low-cost, and maintenance fuel density and fluid flow rate measurements are desired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the invention, as well as others which will become apparent, may be understood in more detail, a more particular description of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only various embodiments of the invention and therefore are not to be considered limiting of the invention's scope as it may include other effective embodiments as well.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a prospective sectional view of a system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a prospective sectional view of a system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a prospective sectional view of a system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a partial perspective sectional view of a process density meter according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a partial perspective sectional view of a section of the vortex shedding body of FIG. 5 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a partial perspective sectional view of another embodiment of the process density meter according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a partial perspective sectional view of a section of the vortex shedding body of FIG. 7 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a partial perspective sectional view of another embodiment of the process density meter of according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram illustrating a basic structure of a process density meter circuit of FIG. 5 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a functional block diagram illustrating a basic structure of a process density meter circuit of FIG. 7 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a functional block diagram illustrating a basic structure of a process density meter circuit of FIG. 9 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate embodiments of the invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Prime notation, if used, indicates similar elements in alternative embodiments. Note, the term “adjacent” as used herein refers to a position that is within, on, or near the object referenced.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1-14, embodiments of the present invention advantageously provide a system, meter, and methods for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline. In particular, the flow characteristics of primary interest relate to industrial combustion processes using low molecular weight hydrocarbon fuel gases but can be used in other processes where density and flow rate measurements are required. Of interest, many industrial facilities feed fuel gases to their combustion processes, for example, combustion boilers. These fuel gases constantly change in hydrocarbon composition. For example, the fuel gases may include varying percentages of methane, ethane, and propane. To maintain efficient fuel-air ratio combustion control, as a minimum, a user must know the BTU content, which can be derived from hydrocarbon density. Ideally, the user would also prefer both volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate. In an embodiment of the present invention, the system 30 includes a pipeline 31, a process density meter 33 positioned at least partially within the pipeline, and a fluid characteristics display device 35 positioned to display to the user volumetric flow rate, flowing fluid density, and mass flow rate of flowing fluid within the pipeline 31.

As perhaps best shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the pipeline 31 includes a fluid passageway 37 having a longitudinal axis 39 to transport fluid 41. The fluid 41 can be in the form of a plurality of various types of liquids or gases, such as a combustion gas, or a mixture thereof The pipeline 31 can be of varying lengths and diameters according to the needs of a user. The pipeline 31 is well known to those skilled in the art and generally includes upstream and downstream sections 43, 45, each connected at an interface 47, 49, using an attachment assembly including fasteners such as a plurality of bolts positioned to connect a flange 51 on the downstream end of the upstream section 43 with a flange 53 on the upstream end of the downstream section 45. The pipeline 31 has a predetermined inner diameter 55 and cross-sectional area.

The process density meter 33 is positioned at least partially within the pipeline 31. In the typical configuration, the bulk of the electronics, other than sensors (described below) are located external to the pipeline 31 and the sensors and related equipment are located within the confines of the pipeline 31. The process density meter 33 can include a process density meter housing 61 to house the sensors and related equipment and to support a vortex-shedding body 63 of a vortex measuring device 65 within the flowing fluid 41 of the pipeline 31. In an embodiment of the present invention, the process density meter housing 61 includes as a first end 67, a second end 69, and a fluid passageway 71 extending therebetween. The process density meter housing 61 is preferably positioned coaxially between a pair of upstream and downstream sections 43, 45, of the pipeline 31. The process density meter housing 61 is adapted to connect between the upstream and downstream sections 43, 45, through use of a connection assembly as known and understood by those skilled in the art. In one configuration, the process density meter housing 61 is sized to match a section of the pipeline 31 such that the process density meter housing 61 has an inner diameter 75 substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31. Functionally, the process density meter housing 61 becomes part of the pipeline 31 and is in fluid communication with flowing fluid 41 within the pipeline 31. Alternatively, as best shown in FIG. 3, the process density meter housing 61′ can be instead sized to fit within the section of the pipeline 31. In this configuration, the outer diameter 77 of the process density meter housing 61′ is preferably substantially the same diameter as the predetermined inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31. Also, as best shown in FIG. 4, instead of supplying a separate process density meter housing, the sensors and associated equipment (described in detail below) can be positioned and supported within a section of the pipeline 31. In this configuration, the selected section pipeline 31 functionally becomes the process density meter housing 61″.

FIGS. 1-9 illustrate a process density meter 33 including a vortex-shedding body 63 positioned within the pipeline 31. The vortex-shedding body 63 is preferably in the form of a three-dimensional bluff body having an upstream side 81 and a plurality of downstream sides 83, but can be in the form of a two-dimensional bluff body, such as a cylinder (not shown), and still be within the scope of the present invention. The vortex-shedding body 63 is preferably shaped to produce a Reynolds number in excess of approximately 20,000. In one configuration, the vortex-shedding body 63 is adapted to connect to the pipeline 31 or pipeline housing 33 on opposite sides within the fluid passageway of the pipeline 37 or fluid passageway 71 of the pipeline housing 61, as shown above in FIGS. 2-4. Alternatively, the vortex-shedding body 63 need only be connected at one attachment point within the pipeline 31 or pipeline housing 61 and still remain properly supported. The vortex-shedding body 63 can be less than the diameter of the pipeline 31 or pipeline housing 61, however, a more uniform reading of static and dynamic pressures (described later) can be obtained by having the vortex-shedding body 63 full-length.

FIGS. 2, 5, and 6 illustrate a vortex-shedding body 63 including an upstream surface 81 positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis 39 of the pipeline 31 which have or contain a plurality of total pressure inlet ports 85 positioned in the upstream surface 81. The vortex-shedding body 63 also includes a plurality of downstream surfaces 83 which have or contain a plurality of static pressure inlet ports 87 positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces 83. The total pressure ports 85 and static pressure ports 87 can be used in conjunction with a differential pressure sensing device such as a pitot-type differential pressure meter 89, described below. The plurality of upstream ports 85 and downstream ports 87 provide the ability to average the pressures across the vortex-shedding body 63 within the pipeline 31, thus improving meter accuracy, and serve to resist plugging, minimizing the need for maintenance on the process density meter 33. Having the plurality of downstream surfaces 83, rather than a cylindrical shape, can improve vortex-shedding and delineation between the total and static pressures.

In an embodiment of the present invention, as perhaps best shown in FIGS. 2 and 7, the vortex-shedding body 63 also has a thermal sensor inlet port 91, typically positioned in the upstream surface 81, and correspondingly, a thermal sensor outlet port 93 positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces 83. A fluid passageway 95 extends between the thermal sensor inlet port 91 and the thermal sensor outlet port 93 so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough for use with a thermal flow sensing device such as the thermal flow meter 97 (described later).

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate a process density meter 33, according to two embodiments of the present invention which also include a vortex measuring device such as a vortex meter 65. The vortex meter 65 measures the frequency of vortices shed from the vortex-shedding body 63 to produce a signal indicative of volumetric fluid flow rate Q_(vortex) within the pipeline 31. The vortex meter 65 includes a memory 101, a vortex frequency sensor 103, and a volumetric flow rate calculator 105. The memory 101 stores pipeline volume data for use by the volumetric flow rate calculator 105. The pipeline volume data generally includes the inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31 along with other data as known to those skilled in the art necessary to determine cross-sectional area of the inner dimensions of the pipeline 31. The vortex frequency sensor 103, optionally positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body 63, senses the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body 63 to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body 63. The vortex frequency sensor 103 is preferably in the form of a strain gauge or pressure transducer positioned in the vortex-shedding body 63 or within the pipeline housing 33 but can embody other forms which may require different positioning, such as downstream of the vortex-shedding body 63, and still be within the scope of the present invention. The volumetric flow rate calculator 105, positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory 101 and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor 103, calculates a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31.

In a preferred configuration, the volumetric flow rate calculator 105 of the vortex meter 65 further is positioned to receive an ambient temperature signal and a static pressure signal. The ambient temperature signal can be either from an ambient temperature sensor 111 associated with a thermal flow meter 97 (described later) or a separate ambient temperature sensor 113 (FIG. 2). The static pressure signal can be either from a differential pressure flow meter 89 (describe later) or a separate static pressure sensor (not shown). The ambient temperature and static pressure can be used by the vortex meter 65 to produce a temperature and pressure compensated volumetric flow rate signal ν by compensating the flow rate signal for the temperature and pressure experienced by the vortex frequency sensor 103. A volumetric flow rate Q_(vortex) can be calculated using the formula: Q _(vortex) =A×ν,

where A is the cross-sectional area of the portion of pipeline where flow rate is measured and ν is the fluid velocity. Additionally, if the inner dimension of the pipeline housing is not substantially the same as the inner dimension of the pipeline, the memory preferably includes a correction factor.

FIGS. 5-7 illustrate a vortex-shedding body 63 of the process density meter 33 further including a total pressure manifold 115 positioned in the vortex-shedding body 63 and adjacent the upstream surface 81. The total pressure manifold 115 has a plurality of total pressure inlet channels 117 which are preferably coaxially aligned with the plurality of total pressure inlet ports 85 in the upstream surface 81, and a total pressure outlet channel 119 which is in fluid communication with the plurality of total pressure inlet channels 117 so that the fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31 communicates through each of the total pressure inlet ports 85 to the total pressure outlet channel 119. The vortex-shedding body 63 also includes a static pressure manifold 121 positioned in the vortex-shedding body 63 and adjacent the downstream surface or surfaces 83 having the corresponding static pressure inlet ports 87. The static pressure manifold 121 has a plurality of static pressure inlet channels 123 aligned with the plurality of static pressure inlet ports 87 and a static pressure outlet channel 125 so that the fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31 communicates through each of the static pressure inlet ports 87 to the static pressure outlet channel 125. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, instead of the total pressure manifold and static pressure manifolds 115, 121, the vortex-shedding body 63 can have a central cavity (not shown) to house or support various alternative components of a differential pressure meter 89 (described later).

The process density meter 33 also includes a differential pressure measuring device such as a differential pressure meter 89. The differential pressure meter 89 is preferably positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body 63. The differential pressure meter 89 includes a total pressure inlet 127 positioned to sense fluid pressure from the total pressure manifold outlet channel 119, and a static pressure inlet 129 positioned to sense fluid pressure from the static pressure manifold outlet channel 125. In an embodiment where the vortex-shedding body 63 has a central cavity (not shown) rather than a total pressure manifold 115 or static manifold 121, the differential pressure meter 89 includes a total pressure extension tube (not shown) and a static pressure extension tube (not shown), both having the plurality of inlet channels and ports which provide the functions of the above described total pressure and static pressure manifolds 115, 121.

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate that a differential pressure meter 89 also can include a differential pressure converter 131 positioned to receive fluid pressure from the total pressure inlet 127 and the static pressure inlet 129 to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal proportional to density of fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31. Functionally, the total pressure inlet 127, through the upstream ports 85 of the vortex-shedding body, “sees” the total pressure of the fluid 41. This total pressure is the sum of the static pressure, the pressure a user would measure with a pressure gauge installed on the pipeline 31, plus the kinetic pressure of the flowing fluid 41, the result of the impact effect of the flowing fluid 41 on the upstream surface 81 of the vortex-shedding body 63. The static pressure inlet 129, through the downstream ports 87 of the vortex-shedding body 63, only “see” the static pressure. The calculation of the difference between the total pressure and the static pressure of the flowing fluid 41 results in the kinetic pressure of the flowing fluid 41, which is related to fluid density and velocity.

In a preferred configuration, the differential pressure meter 89 is positioned also to receive an ambient temperature signal and a static pressure signal. The ambient temperature signal can be either from an ambient temperature sensor 111 associated with the thermal flow meter 97 (described later) or the separate ambient temperature sensor 113. The static pressure signal can be either from the differential pressure meter 89, a tap in the static pressure inlet 129, or determined from a separate static pressure sensor (not shown). The ambient temperature signal and static pressure signal can be used by the differential pressure meter 89 to produce a temperature and pressure compensated differential pressure meter flow rate signal. If the differential pressure meter 89, however, is not so equipped to accept such inputs for compensating the differential pressure meter flow rate signal for pressure and temperature, a separate signal conditioner 133 (described later) can be used either on the differential pressure meter flow rate signal or on a later calculated density signal (described later).

The differential pressure flow meter 89, preferably in the form of an averaging pitot tube-type measuring device, can employ a multitude of methodologies as known by those skilled in the art to produce the differential pressure meter flow rate signal that is proportional to density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline. In a large number of averaging pitot tube differential pressure flow meters, the output of the meter is a signal proportional to the product of the density of the fluid and the square of the volumetric flow rate ρV². In the preferred configuration, according to an embodiment of the present invention, however, the output of the averaging pitot tube differential pressure meter is in the form of either volumetric flow rate under standard conditions or pressure and temperature compensated volumetric flow rate. The following is an illustrative example for a calculation of the volumetric flow rate (gas-standard conditions) using an averaging pitot equation: Q _(pitot) =C ¹ X√h _(w) ^(x) p _(f),

-   -   where C¹=F_(na) ^(x)K^(x)D^(2x)Y₈ ^(x)F_(pb) ^(x)F_(tb)         ^(x)F_(tf) ^(x)F_(Sg) ^(x)F_(pv) ^(x)F_(aa),     -   and where     -   Q_(pitot) Standard Volumetric Flow Rate. This term is the flow         rate of the flow passing the vortex-shedding body expressed in         standard volume units per unit of time. For this equation, the         base pressure is 14.73 psia and the base temperature is 6° F.     -   F_(na) Units Conversion Factor. This factor is used to convert         the flow rate to the desired or wanted set of units, typically         standard cubic feet per day.     -   K Flow Coefficient. This factor takes into account the diameter         of the pipeline and is expressed as a function of the Reynolds         number.     -   D Internal diameter of pipe, inches (mm).     -   Y_(a) Expansion Factor. This factor has little effect on flow         and thus, they can be estimated based on the typical gas that is         used in the application, with very little error.     -   F_(pb) Pressure Base Factor. This factor provides gas volumes at         a pressure base of 14.73 psia. F_(pb)=14.73/base pressure, psia.     -   F_(tb) Temperature Base Factor. This factor is calculated to         give gas volumes at a base temperature of 60° F. and can be         calculated as: F_(tb)=(base temperature (° F.)+460)/520.     -   F_(tf) Flowing Temperature Factor. This factor corrects for         tabular data taking at a gas temperature other than 60° F.         F_(tf)=520/√(Flowing temperature (° F.)+460).     -   F_(Sg) Specific Gravity Factor. This factor corrects the flow         equation whenever the gas is not air. The factor can be         calculated as: F_(Sg)=√¹/^(SG).     -   SG Specific Gravity of Flowing Liquid. Ratio of the density of         the flowing fluid to the density of water at 60° F.     -   F_(pv) Supercompressibility Factor. This factor accounts for the         deviation from the “ideal gas” laws and is typically determined         through testing at expected pressure and temperature condition         but can be estimated based on the typical gas used in the         application, with very little error.     -   F_(aa) Thermal Expansion Factor which corrects for the flowing         area change of the pipe at the vortex-shedding body location due         to temperature effects.     -   h_(w) Differential (kinetic) pressure expressed as the height,         in inches, of a water column at 68° F. at standard gravity         (g₀=32.174 ft/sec² =9.807 m/sec ²).     -   P_(f) Flowing Pressure. This is the static pressure of the         pipeline expressed in psia.

As perhaps best shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 11, advantageously, in an embodiment of the present invention, a process density meter 33 can include a thermal flow measuring device, such as a thermal flow meter 97, appropriately positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31. The thermal flow meter 97 can have one or multiple thermal flow meter elements installed in, on, or next to the leading edge of the vortex-shedding body 63, but is preferably positioned within the vortex-shedding body 63 to minimize electrical wiring requirements.

More specifically, the thermal flow meter 97 preferably includes an immersion-type thermal flow probe 141 positioned to house a plurality of thermal sensors and positioned within the fluid passageway 95 extending between the thermal sensor inlet port 91 and thermal sensor outlet port 93 in the vortex-shedding body 63. Though other types of thermal flow detectors or sensors may be used and still be within the scope of the present invention, the immersion-type probes are simple, rugged, insensitive to particulate matter within the flowing fluid, and easily cleaned. The thermal flow probe 141 typically has a thermal sensor inlet 143 positioned in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port 91 in the upstream surface 81 of the vortex-shedding body 63, and a thermal sensor outlet 145 positioned in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port 93 in at least one of the downstream surfaces 83 of the vortex-shedding body 63. A thermal probe channel 147 extends between the thermal sensor inlet 143 and the thermal sensor outlet 145 so that a portion of fluid 41 when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port 91 passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet 143, and so that the portion of fluid 41 passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet 143 passes out of the thermal sensor outlet 145 and out of the thermal sensor outlet port 93 (FIGS. 3 and 4). As stated above, although the thermal flow probe 141 is described as positioned within the vortex-shedding body 63, the thermal flow probe 141 can be alternatively positioned on or next to the vortex-shedding body 63 provided the thermal flow probe 141 is able to receive or “see” the flowing fluid 41 and the flow through the thermal flow probe 141 is either not obstructed or the thermal flow meter 97 compensates for the disturbed flow resulting from the obstruction.

An ambient temperature sensor 111 is preferably positioned within the thermal probe channel 147 to detect ambient temperature of the portion of fluid 41 flowing between the thermal sensor inlet 143 and thermal sensor outlet 145. A thermal flow detection sensor 149 is also preferably positioned within the thermal probe channel 147 to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the portion of fluid 41 flowing between the thermal sensor inlet 143 and the thermal sensor outlet 145. In the selected configuration of the thermal flow meter 97 described with respect to the figures, the thermal flow meter 97 further includes a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator 151 responsive to the ambient temperature sensor 111 and the thermal flow detection sensor 149 to produce either a voltage or a current required to maintain a constant temperature differential between the ambient temperature sensor 111 and the thermal flow detection sensor 149. This constant current or voltage is used to calculate the mass flow rate signal of the thermal flow meter 97. If the fluid flow is obstructed when flowing through the thermal sensors of the thermal flow meter 97, the mass flow signal calculator 151 of the thermal flow meter 97 can include a thermal mass flow signal compensator 153 to compensate for an error induced by the obstructed flow.

FIG. 10 illustrates that a process density meter 33 can further include a fluid characteristic determiner 161 positioned in communication with the vortex meter 65, the differential pressure meter 89, and the thermal flow meter 97, to process sensed signals therefrom. The fluid characteristic determiner 161 includes a fluid density calculator 163 and can include a fluid mass flow rate calculator 165. In the preferred configuration, the fluid density calculator 163 is responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal Q_(vortex) received from the vortex meter 65 and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal Q_(pitot) received from the differential pressure meter 89 and is positioned to calculate a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density Density_(flowing).

In the illustrative example for a calculation of the volumetric flow rate Q_(pitot) using an averaging pitot equation, described above, the F_(g) factor (F_(g)=(1/SG)^(1/2)) of the equation is the influence of gas specific gravity (SG) on the averaging pitot tube, and this is what provides the ability to obtain density from the averaging pitot tube flow rate calculation. For example, the SG_(base) used in the equation in the illustrative example is that of the flowing gas. When the specific gravity of the flowing gas changes, the flow calculation Q_(pitot) must be compensated by multiplying it by the square root of the ratio of the base specific gravity divided by the true specific gravity. Q _(true) =Q _(pitot)*(SG _(base) /SG _(flowing))^(1/2).

Noting that the flow rate from the vortex meter is NOT influenced by the specific gravity of the flowing gas, the volumetric flow rate Q_(vortex) from the vortex meter is equivalent to true volumetric flow rate: Q _(vortex) =Q _(true) =Q _(pitot)*(SG _(base) /SG _(flowing))^(1/2). By compensating the Q_(pitot) for changes in SG of the flowing gas, and manipulating the equations, the true (flowing gas) specific gravity can be determined: SG _(flowing) =SG _(base)*(Q _(pitot) /Q _(vortex))².

Correspondingly, density can be calculated as a factor true (flowing gas) specific gravity and base density: Density_(flowing)=Density_(base)*(SG _(flowing) /SG _(base)).

Similar to the fluid density calculator 163, in an embodiment of the present invention, the fluid mass flow rate calculator 165 is responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal Q_(vortex) received from the vortex meter 65 and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal Q_(pitot) received from the differential pressure meter 89 and is positioned to calculate a mass flow rate signal indicative of flowing fluid mass flow rate Q_(massflow). After performing calculations similar to those above, the mass flow rate Q_(massflow) is then calculated as a function of the product of the flowing fluid density Density_(flowing) and the volumetric flow rate Q_(vortex): Q _(massflow)=Density_(flowing) *Q _(vortex).

In an alternative configuration, the mass flow rate calculator 165 is instead responsive to the flowing fluid density signal Density_(flowing) from the fluid density calculator 163 and the volumetric flow rate signal Q_(vortex) from the vortex meter to calculate mass flow Q_(massflow).

FIGS. 7 and 11 illustrate that where the process density meter 33 includes the vortex meter 65, the differential pressure meter 89, and a third meter to measure and output a mass flow rate signal, such as the thermal flow meter 97, described above, the process density meter 33 can also include a verifier 171 responsive to the density signal and the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 to verify the accuracy of the density signal and mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161. To perform the density comparison, the verifier 171 has its own fluid density calculator 173 responsive to the mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter 97 and the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter 65 to calculate a verification density signal to be used to compare with the density signal from the fluid density calculator 163 of the fluid characteristic determiner 161. If both density signals are within a minimum tolerance of each other, such as 4%, the verifier 171 can output a signal indicating a minimum accuracy of the process density meter 33 has been met.

To perform the density comparison, the verifier 171 also has a comparator 175 that is responsive to the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 and is positioned to receive the density signal from the fluid density calculator 173 of the verifier 171 to compare the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 with the density signal from the fluid density calculator 173 of the verifier 171 to verify reliability of the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161, to output a density verification signal indicating verified density, and to thereby determine the accuracy of the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161. To perform the mass flow rate comparison, the comparator 175 of the verifier 171 is responsive to the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 and is positioned to receive the mass flow rate Q_(thermal) from the thermal flow meter 97 to compare the mass flow rate signal Q_(massflow) from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 with the mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter 97 to verify reliability of the mass flow rate from the fluid characteristic determiner 161, to output a mass flow rate verification signal indicating verified mass flow rate, and to thereby determine the accuracy of the mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161. Note, the volumetric flow rate calculator 105, differential pressure converter 131, mass flow signal calculator 151, mass flow signal compensator 153, fluid density calculator 163, mass flow rate calculator 165, verifier 171, and signal conditioner 133 can be implemented in either hardware or software. Note also, the fluid characteristic determiner 161 can be implemented in the form of a computer, and, though depicted separately, the signal conditioner 133 and the verifier 171 can be processed by the fluid characteristic determiner 161. Further, the software of the fluid characteristic determiner 161, can be separately stored on a storage media readable by the fluid characteristic determiner 161.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the process density meter 97 can include a signal conditioner 133. As stated above, the signal conditioner 133 can be used either to pressure and temperature compensate the differential pressure meter flow rate signal from the differential pressure meter 89 or pressure and temperature compensate the fluid density signals from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 where the differential pressure meter selected is not capable of independently applying pressure and temperature compensation directly to its output signal. For example, as best shown in FIG. 11, when positioned to compensate the output signals of the fluid characteristic determiner 161, the signal conditioner 133 is responsive to the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 and is positioned to receive a temperature signal from the ambient temperature sensor 111 of the thermal flow meter 97 or separate ambient temperature sensor 113 and a static pressure signal from the differential pressure meter 89. The signal conditioner 133 conditions the density signal of the fluid density calculator 163 of the fluid characteristic determiner 161 to form a temperature and pressure compensated density signal. Where the process density meter 33 is also configured with a verifier 171, the comparator 175 of the verifier 171 receives the density signal from the signal conditioner 133 instead of directly from the fluid characteristic determiner 161, as described above, otherwise all calculations are the same.

As best shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 10-11, a system 30 for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, or alternatively the process density meter 33, itself, also includes a fluid characteristic display 35 positioned external to the fluid passageway 37 of the pipeline 31. The fluid characteristic display 35 is in electrical communication with other process density meter components and is typically located remote from the process density meter sensors. The fluid characteristic display 35 is positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal, the density signal, and the mass flow rate signal to display volumetric flow rate 182, flowing fluid density 183, and mass flow rate 184 of the flowing fluid. The volumetric flow rate is preferably received from the vortex meter 65. The density signal and mass flow rate signals are typically from the fluid characteristic determiner 161, however, if a signal conditioner 133 is utilized and implemented to condition the signals from the fluid characteristic determiner 161, the density signal can instead be from the signal conditioner 133. Also, where the process density meter 33 is configured with a verifier 171, the fluid characteristic display 35 further can display density verified and mass flow rate verified indications 185, 186.

Advantageously, as perhaps best shown in FIGS. 9 and 12, another embodiment of the present invention also includes a process density meter 33 for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline 31 including a fluid passageway 37 having a longitudinal axis 39 to transport fluid 41 therethrough and positioned at least partially within the pipeline 31. The process density meter 33 generally includes a vortex-shedding measuring device and associated equipment, such as a vortex meter 65, a mass flow rate measuring device and associated equipment, such as a thermal flow meter 97, a fluid characteristic determiner 161, and a fluid characteristic display 35 which is located external to the fluid passageway 37 of the pipeline 31 and in communication with the vortex meter 65 and the fluid characteristic determiner 161, and positioned to receive a volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter 65, a mass flow rate from the thermal flow meter 97, and a fluid density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 to display volumetric flow rate, density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid to a user thereof.

As with the previous described embodiments, in the typical configuration, the bulk of the electronics, other than sensors, are located external to the pipeline 31, and the sensors and related equipment are located within the confines of the pipeline 31. The process density meter 33 can include a process density meter housing to house the sensors and related equipment and to support a vortex-shedding body 63 of the vortex meter 65 within the flowing fluid 41 of the pipeline 31. In one configuration, the process density meter housing 61 is positioned coaxially between a pair of upstream and downstream sections 43, 45, of the pipeline 31 (FIGS. 2). The process density meter housing 61 is adapted to connect between the upstream and downstream sections 43, 45, of the pipeline 31 through use of a connection assembly as known and understood by those skilled in the art. The process density meter housing 61 is preferably sized to match a section of the pipeline 31 such that the process density meter housing 61 has an inner diameter 75 substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31. In a second configuration, as best shown in FIG. 3, the process density meter housing 61′ can be instead sized to fit within a section of the pipeline 31. In this configuration, the outer diameter 77 of the process density meter housing 61′ is preferably substantially the same diameter as the predetermined inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31. In a third configuration as best shown in FIG. 4, instead of supplying a separate process density meter housing, the sensors and associated equipment can be positioned and supported within a section of the pipeline 31. In this configuration, the pipeline 31 functions as a process density meter housing 61′.

FIGS. 4, 9 and 12 illustrate a process density meter 33 including a vortex-shedding body 63 positioned within the pipeline 31. The vortex-shedding body 63 is preferably in the form of a three-dimensional bluff body having an upstream side 81 and a plurality of downstream sides 83. The vortex-shedding body 63 is preferably adapted to connect to the pipeline 31 or pipeline housing 61 on opposite sides within the fluid passageway 41 of the pipeline 31, as perhaps best shown in FIG. 4, but can be less than the diameter of the pipeline 31 or pipeline housing 61 and still be within the scope of the present invention.

FIGS. 4 and 9 illustrate a vortex-shedding body 63 including an upstream surface 81 positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis 39 of the pipeline 31 which preferably has or contains a thermal sensor inlet port 91. The vortex-shedding body 63 also includes a plurality of downstream surfaces 83, at least one of which preferably has or contains a thermal sensor outlet port 93. A fluid passageway 95 extends between the thermal sensor inlet port 91 and the thermal sensor outlet port 93 so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough for use with a thermal flow sensing device such as the thermal flow meter 97 (described later).

FIG. 12 illustrates that the process density meter 33 can also include a vortex measuring device such as a vortex meter 65. The vortex meter 65 measures the frequency of vortices shed from the vortex-shedding body 63 to produce a signal indicative of volumetric fluid flow rate Q_(vortex) within the pipeline 31. The vortex meter 65, optionally positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body, includes a memory 101, a vortex frequency sensor 103, and a volumetric flow rate calculator 105. The memory 101 stores pipeline volume data for use by the volumetric flow rate calculator 105. The pipeline volume data generally includes the inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31 along with other data as known to those skilled in the art necessary to determine cross-sectional area of the inner dimensions of the pipeline 31. The vortex frequency sensor 103, senses the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body 63 to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body 63. As stated with regard to the previous embodiments, the vortex frequency sensor 103 is preferably in the form of a strain gauge or pressure transducer positioned in the vortex-shedding body 63 or process density meter housing 61 but can embody other forms and be positioned at other locations adjacent the vortex-shedding body 63 and still be within the scope of the present invention. The volumetric flow rate calculator 105, positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory 101 and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor 103, calculates a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31. In another configuration, the volumetric flow rate calculator 105 of the vortex meter 65 further is positioned to receive an ambient temperature signal and a static pressure signal. The ambient temperature signal can be either from an ambient temperature sensor 111 associated with a thermal flow meter 97 or a separate ambient temperature sensor 113 (FIG. 4). The static pressure signal can be from a separate static pressure sensor (not shown). The ambient temperature and static pressure can be used by the vortex meter to produce a temperature and pressure compensated volumetric flow rate signal by compensating the flow rate signal corresponding to the frequency of the vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body 63 for the temperature and pressure experienced by the vortex frequency sensor 103. In both configurations, a volumetric flow rate Q_(vortex) can be calculated using the formula: Q _(vortex) =A×ν, where A is the cross-sectional area of the portion of pipeline where flow rate is measured and v is the fluid flow rate. Additionally, if the inner dimension 75 of the pipeline housing 61 is not substantially the same as the inner dimension 55 of the pipeline, the memory 101 preferably includes a correction factor.

The process density meter 33 advantageously includes a thermal mass flow detection device such as a thermal flow meter 97. The thermal flow meter 97 is appropriately positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal Q_(thermal) indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31. The thermal flow meter 97 can have one or multiple thermal flow meter elements installed in, on, or next to the leading edge of the vortex shedding meter body 63, but is preferably positioned within the vortex-shedding body 63 to minimize electrical wiring requirements and to reduce the complexity of the process density meter 33.

The thermal flow meter 97 preferably includes an immersion-type thermal flow probe 141 positioned to house a plurality of thermal sensors and positioned within the fluid passageway 95 extending between the thermal sensor inlet port 91 and thermal sensor outlet port 93 in the vortex-shedding body 63. The thermal flow probe 141 typically has a thermal sensor inlet 143 positioned in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port 91 in the upstream surface 81 of the vortex-shedding body 63 to allow a portion of fluid flowing through the fluid passageway 95 to enter the thermal flow probe 141, and a thermal sensor outlet 145 positioned in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port 93 in at least one of the downstream surfaces 83 of the vortex-shedding body 63 to allow the portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe 141. A thermal probe channel 147 extends between the thermal sensor inlet 143 and the thermal sensor outlet 145 so that a portion of fluid 41 when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port 91 passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet 143, and so that the portion of fluid 41 passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet 143 passes out of the thermal sensor outlet 145 and out of the thermal sensor outlet port 93 (FIG. 4). As stated above, although the thermal flow probe 141 is shown in the figures and described as positioned within the vortex-shedding body 63, the thermal flow probe 141 can be alternatively positioned on or next to the vortex-shedding body 63 provided the thermal flow probe 141 is able to receive or “see” the flowing fluid 41 and the flow through the thermal flow probe 141 is either not obstructed or the thermal flow meter 97 compensates for the disturbed flow resulting from the obstruction.

An ambient temperature sensor 111 is preferably positioned within the thermal probe channel 147 to detect the ambient temperature of the portion of fluid 41 flowing between the thermal sensor inlet 143 and thermal sensor outlet 145. A thermal flow detection sensor 149 is also preferably positioned within the thermal probe channel 147 to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the portion of fluid 41 flowing between the thermal sensor inlet 143 and the thermal sensor outlet 145. In the selected configuration of the thermal flow meter 97 described with respect to the figures, the thermal flow meter 97 includes a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator 151 responsive to the ambient temperature sensor 111 and the thermal flow detection sensor 149 to produce either a voltage or a current required to maintain a constant temperature differential between the ambient temperature sensor 111 and the thermal flow detection sensor 149. This constant current or voltage is used to calculate the mass flow rate signal Q_(thermal) of the thermal flow meter 97. If the fluid flow is obstructed when flowing through the thermal sensors of the thermal flow meter 97, for example, where the thermal probe channel 147 is not parallel to the longitudinal axis 39 of the pipeline 31 due to non-symmetric positioning of the upstream surface 81 of the vortex-shedding body 63 or non-symmetric positioning of the thermal flow probe 141 or channel 147, the mass flow signal calculator 151 of the thermal flow meter 97 can include a thermal mass flow signal compensator 153 to compensate for an error induced by the obstructed flow.

The fluid characteristic determiner 161 includes the primary calculator assembly of the process density meter 33. The fluid characteristic determiner 161 is positioned in communication with the vortex meter 65 and the thermal flow meter 97, to process sensed signals therefrom. The fluid characteristic determiner 161 includes a fluid density calculator 163. Although the fluid characteristic determiner may include a mass flow calculator, the mass flow rate calculator is not required according to this embodiment of the present invention as the thermal flow meter 97 directly produces a signal Q_(thermal) indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid 41 when flowing through the pipeline 31. The fluid density calculator 163 is responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal Q_(vortex) received from the vortex meter 65 and the thermal flow meter mass flow rate signal Q_(thermal) received from the mass flow rate meter 97 and is positioned to calculate a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density Density_(flowing), where: Density_(flowing) =Q _(thermal) /Q _(vortex).

FIG. 12 illustrates a fluid characteristic display 35 positioned external to the fluid passageway 37 the pipeline 31 of the process density meter 33 (FIG. 2) in communication with other components of the process density meter 33 and typically positioned remote from the process density meter sensors. The fluid characteristic display 35 is positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal, the density signal, and the second mass flow rate signal to display volumetric flow rate 182, flowing fluid density 183, and mass flow rate 184 of the flowing fluid 41. The volumetric flow rate is preferably received directly from the vortex meter 65. The density signal is received from the fluid characteristic determiner 161, and the mass flow rate signal is preferably directly from the thermal flow meter 97, though other methodologies of establishing a signal connection are within the scope of the present invention.

An embodiment of the present invention also advantageously provides a method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline using a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline. Generally, the method includes positioning a vortex-shedding (bluff) body within a pipeline; measuring the frequency of the vortices shed from the vortex-shedding body; determining volumetric flow rate; measuring the differential between the pressure experienced on the flow side of the vortex-shedding body and the static pressure of the fluid in the pipeline; measuring the static pressure and ambient temperature of the fluid in the pipeline; determining density and mass flow rate; and outputting density, mass flow rate, and volumetric flow rate for display.

More specifically, as perhaps best shown in FIG. 13, a user predetermines a cross-sectional area of a pipeline 31 having a flowing fluid 41 (block 201). The user installs the vortex-shedding body 63. The installation can be accomplished by individually installing the vortex-shedding body 63 within an existing piece of pipeline 31 (FIG. 4), or by installing the vortex-shedding body 63 within a housing 61 which can be positioned coaxially between an upstream and a downstream section 43, 45, of the pipeline 31 (FIG. 2) or within a pipeline interior passageway 37 (FIG. 3). The vortex-shedding body 63 is generally positioned across the inner diameter 55 of the pipeline, transverse to the direction of a flowing fluid 41. The upstream surface 81 of the vortex-shedding body 63 is preferably placed perpendicular to the direction of the flowing fluid 41. The vortex-shedding body 63 causes the generation of Von Karman vortices when fluid 41 is flowing within the pipeline 31. The vortex-shedding body 63 also includes upstream ports 85 that are affected by fluid 41 flowing within the pipeline 31 having a total pressure equivalent to the sum of the kinetic and static pressures of the flowing fluid 41. The vortex-shedding body 63 further includes downstream ports 87 which are affected by fluid 41 flowing within the pipeline 31 having only static pressure, and a pair of manifolds 115, 121, within the vortex-shedding body 63 to individually channel fluid having total pressure separate from fluid having only static pressure.

The user also installs a vortex frequency detection device 103, part of a vortex (shedding) meter 65, on, and, or within either the vortex-shedding body 63, the process density meter housing 61, or the pipeline 31, in the vicinity of the vortex-shedding body 63. The vortex frequency sensor 103, as described above, typically takes the form of a strain-gauge, a pressure transducer, or an acoustic sensor. As fluid flows 41 through the pipeline 31, the bluff body (vortex-shedding) 63 causes vortices to be shed. The vortex meter 65 measures (block 203) the frequency of Von Karman vortices shed by a vortex-shedding body 63. The vortex meter 65 then outputs a respective true vortex meter flowing fluid flow rate signal. The vortex meter can also determine and output volumetric flow rate (block 205) from the true flowing fluid rate measured by the vortex frequency sensor in conjunction with predetermined pipeline volumetric data, generally stored in the memory of the vortex meter. The vortex meter 65 typically determines volumetric flow rate by calculating the product of the fluid flow rate as determined from the vortex frequency sensor 103 and the cross-sectional area of the column fluid 41 flowing within the pipeline 31. Other methodologies of determining the pipeline flowing fluid rate and correspondingly the volumetric flow rate through use of a vortex-shedding body, known and understood by those skilled in the art are, of course, within the scope of the present invention.

The user installs a differential pressure meter 89, preferably in the form of an averaging pitot tube, to interface with the vortex-shedding body 63. The user also installs either a thermal flow probe 141 having ambient temperature sensor 111 or a separate ambient temperature sensor 113 positioned to be able to sample the temperature of the flowing fluid 41 within the pipeline 31, generally unaffected by other components of the present invention. The ambient temperature sensor 113 is typically in the form of a thermistor but can be another type of sensor known and understood by those skilled in the art. The ambient temperature of the flowing fluid 41 and static pressure of the flowing fluid 41 is measured (block 207). The differential pressure meter 89 measures the total pressure of the flowing fluid 41 on the vortex-shedding body 63 and the static pressure of the flowing fluid and can determine the differential pressure (block 209) between a total and static pressures. The differential pressure meter further determines (block 211) and outputs a density dependent flow rate signal that is typically proportional to a volumetric flow rate but can be proportional to other density and flow rate dependent values. In some configurations, the differential pressure meter output signal can be corrected for temperature and pressure by the differential pressure meter.

A true flowing fluid specific gravity can be determined (block 213) from the predetermined base specific gravity of the fluid, the vortex meter flowing fluid flow rate, and density dependent differential pressure meter flow rate. Density of the flowing fluid 41 can correspondingly be determined (block 215) from the flowing fluid specific gravity and base density by a fluid characteristic determiner 161 having a fluid density calculator 163. Mass flow can also be calculated from the flowing fluid density calculated by the fluid characteristic determiner 161 and volumetric flow rate from the vortex meter 65.

Where the configuration selected for the differential pressure meter 89 does not provide for pressure and temperature compensation (block 217), the density and mass flow calculation can be inaccurate. A signal conditioner 133 can determine density corrected for pressure and temperature (block 219) from the static pressure of the differential pressure meter 89 and ambient temperature of the independent ambient temperature sensor 113 or ambient temperature sensor 111 of the thermal flow meter 97, if so configured. In either configuration, density and mass flow rate, along with volumetric flow rate from the flow meter, are output (block 221) to a fluid characteristic display 35 in a manner known and understood by those skilled in the art.

In an embodiment of the present invention the user can install a thermal flow meter 97 or similar device adjacent the vortex-shedding body 63. If so installed (block 223), a mass flow meter can be used to verify the density and mass flow rate calculated from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal. The mass flow meter is typically in the form of a thermal flow meter 97 which measures a thermal energy change (block 225) proportional to the mass of fluid 41 interfacing with a thermal flow detector 149, and outputs a signal indicative of mass flow rate independent of density. The mass flow rate can be determined (block 227) directly from the mass flow meter 97. A verifier 171 having its own fluid density calculator 173 can determine a verification density (block 229) from the mass flow rate signal of the thermal flow meter 97 in conjunction with the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter 65. The verifier 171, also having a comparator 175, can compare (block 231) the pressure and temperature compensated density signal from either a fluid characteristic determiner 161 or signal conditioner 133, depending upon the selected configuration, with the density signal from the fluid density calculator 173 of the verifier 171 in order to verify reliability of the density determined from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal. If the density signal is within a preselected tolerance (block 233), 4% for example, the verifier 171 can output (block 235) a density verified signal to the fluid characteristic display 35. The comparator 175 can also compare (block 237) the mass flow signal from the fluid characteristic determiner 161 with the mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter 97 in order to verify reliability of the mass flow rate determined from the differential pressure meter flow rate signal is within preselected tolerance (block 239), 4% for example. If so, the verifier can output (block 241) a mass flow rate verified signal to the fluid characteristic display 35.

Another embodiment of the present invention, as perhaps best shown in FIG. 14, includes a method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline using a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline. As with the previous embodiments, the user predetermines a cross-sectional area of a pipeline 31 having a flowing fluid 41 (block 251). The user also installs the vortex-shedding (bluff) body 63. The installation can be accomplished by individually installing the vortex-shedding body 63 within an existing piece of pipeline 31 (FIG. 4), or by installing the vortex-shedding body 63 within a housing 61 which can be positioned coaxially between an upstream and a downstream section 43, 45, of pipeline 31 (FIG. 2) or within a pipeline interior passageway 37 (FIG. 3). The vortex-shedding body 63 is generally positioned across the inner diameter 55 of the pipeline 31, transverse to the direction of a flowing fluid 41. The vortex-shedding body 63 causes the generation of Von Karman vortices which can be easily measured when fluid 41 is flowing within the pipeline 31.

The user also installs a vortex frequency detection device or sensor 103, part of a vortex meter 65, either in the vortex-shedding body 63, the process density meter housing 61, or in a position on, in, or within the pipeline 31 in the vicinity of the vortex-shedding body 63. As fluid 41 flows through the pipeline 31, the vortex-shedding body 63 causes vortices to be shed. The vortex meter 65 measures the frequency of Von Karman vortices (block 253) shed by the vortex-shedding body 63. The vortex meter 65 then determines (block 255) volumetric flow rate of the flowing fluid 41 from the flowing fluid flow rate measured by the vortex frequency sensor 103 and predetermined pipeline volumetric data, generally stored in a memory 101 of the vortex meter 65, and outputs a respective vortex meter flowing fluid flow rate signal for display. The vortex meter 65 typically determines volumetric flow rate by calculating the product of the fluid flow rate as determined from the vortex frequency sensor 103 and the cross-sectional area of the column of fluid 41 flowing within the pipeline 31.

The user also installs a thermal flow meter 97 or similar device adjacent the vortex-shedding body 63. The thermal flow meter 97 includes thermal sensors to measure ambient temperature and a thermal energy change in the flowing fluid 41 (block 257) from which the thermal flow meter can determine mass flow rate and output a signal indicative of mass flow rate (block 259) proportional to fluid density. A fluid characteristic determiner 161 having a fluid density calculator 163 can determine density (block 261) from the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter 65, and mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter 97. All three fluid characteristic measurements, density, mass flow rate, and volumetric flow rate can be translated to the user through the fluid characteristic display 35 or other methodology as known and understood by those skilled in the art.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed embodiments of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The invention has been described in considerable detail with specific reference to these illustrated embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that various modifications and changes can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the foregoing specification and as defined in the attached claims. 

1. A system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, the system comprising: a pipeline including a first fluid passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough; a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and including: a vortex-shedding body positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and having: an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis thereof, a plurality of downstream surfaces, a plurality of total pressure inlet ports positioned in the upstream surface, a plurality of static pressure inlet ports positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces, a thermal sensor inlet port also positioned in the upstream surface, a thermal sensor outlet port also positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces, a second fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port and positioned so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough; a vortex meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body including: a memory having pipeline volume data stored therein, a vortex frequency sensor positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to sense the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body, and a volumetric flow rate calculator positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor to calculate a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; a total pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the upstream surface and having a plurality of total pressure inlet channels coaxially aligned with the plurality of total pressure inlet ports in the upstream surface and a total pressure outlet channel in fluid communication with the plurality of total pressure inlet channels so that a first portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the total pressure inlet ports and out of the total pressure outlet channel; a static pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent at least one of the downstream surfaces and having a plurality of static pressure inlet channels aligned with the plurality of static pressure inlet ports in the at least one of the downstream surfaces and a static pressure outlet channel so that a second portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the static pressure inlet ports and out of the static pressure outlet channel; a differential pressure meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body and including a total pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the total pressure outlet channel, a static pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the static pressure outlet channel, and a differential pressure converter positioned to receive fluid pressure from the total pressure inlet and the static pressure inlet and to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal proportional to density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; a thermal flow meter positioned to produce a first mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline and including: a thermal flow probe positioned within the second fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and thermal sensor outlet port in the vortex-shedding body, the thermal flow probe having: a thermal sensor inlet in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port in the upstream surface of the vortex-shedding body to allow a third portion of fluid flowing through the second fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe, a thermal sensor outlet in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port in the at least one of the downstream surfaces of the vortex-shedding body to allow the third portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe, a thermal probe channel extending between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet so that the third portion of fluid when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet and so that the third portion of fluid passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet passes out of the thermal sensor outlet and out of the thermal sensor outlet port, an ambient temperature sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to detect ambient temperature of the third portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and thermal sensor outlet, and a thermal flow detection sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the third portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet; a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator responsive to the ambient temperature sensor and the thermal flow detection sensor to calculate the first mass flow rate signal; a fluid characteristic determiner positioned in communication with the vortex meter, the differential pressure meter, and the thermal flow meter to process sensed signals therefrom, the fluid characteristic determiner including a first fluid density calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal received from the differential pressure meter and positioned to calculate a first density signal indicative of flowing fluid density, and a fluid mass flow rate calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate received from the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal received from the differential pressure meter and positioned to calculate a second mass flow rate signal indicative of flowing fluid mass flow rate; and a fluid characteristic display positioned external to the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, in communication with the process density meter, and positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal, the first density signal, and the second mass flow rate signal from the process density meter to display volumetric flow rate, flowing fluid density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid to a user thereof.
 2. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the process density meter further includes a verifier responsive to the first density signal and the second mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to verify the accuracy of the first density signal and the second mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner, the verifier including: a second fluid density calculator responsive to the first mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter to calculate a second density signal; and a comparator responsive to the second mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and positioned to receive the first mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter, the volumetric flow rate from the vortex meter, and the second density signal from the second fluid density calculator to compare the second mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner with the sensed first mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and to compare the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner with the second density signal from the second fluid density calculator to verify reliability of both the second mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to output a first verification signal indicating verified mass flow rate from the fluid characteristic determiner and a second verification signal indicating verified density to thereby determine the accuracy of the second mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner.
 3. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the differential pressure meter comprises an averaging pitot tube meter, and wherein the differential pressure converter of the differential pressure meter produces a density dependent volumetric flow rate proportional to the quotient of a true flow rate divided by the square root of the ratio of a base specific gravity and a true specific gravity.
 4. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the process density meter includes a signal conditioner responsive to the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and positioned to receive a temperature signal from the ambient temperature sensor of the thermal flow meter and a static pressure signal from the differential pressure meter to condition the first density signal to form a temperature and pressure compensated first density signal.
 5. A system as defined in claim 4, wherein the process density meter further includes a verifier responsive to the first density signal from the signal conditioner and second mass flow rate signal to verify the accuracy of the first density signal and second mass flow rate signal, the verifier including: a second fluid density calculator responsive to the first mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter to calculate a second density signal; and a comparator responsive to the second mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the signal conditioner and positioned to receive the first mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter, the volumetric flow rate from the vortex meter, and the second density signal from the second fluid density calculator to compare the second mass flow rate signal with the sensed first mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and to compare the first density signal from the signal conditioner with the second density signal from the second fluid density calculator to verify reliability of both the second mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the signal conditioner to output a first verification signal indicating verified mass flow rate and a second verification signal indicating verified density from the signal conditioner to thereby determine the accuracy of the second mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the signal conditioner.
 6. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, and wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing including a first end, a second end, and a third fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an outer diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 7. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator produces at least one of a voltage and a current required to maintain a constant temperature differential between the ambient temperature sensor and the thermal flow detection sensor.
 8. A system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, the system comprising: a pipeline including a first fluid passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough; a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and including: a vortex-shedding body positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and having: an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis thereof, a plurality of downstream surfaces, a plurality of total pressure inlet ports positioned in the upstream surface, and a plurality of static pressure inlet ports positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces; a vortex meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body including: a memory having pipeline volume data stored therein, a vortex frequency sensor positioned to sense the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body, and a volumetric flow rate calculator positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor to calculate a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; a total pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the upstream surface and having a plurality of total pressure inlet channels coaxially aligned with the plurality of total pressure inlet ports in the upstream surface and a total pressure outlet channel in fluid communication with the plurality of total pressure inlet channels so that a first portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the total pressure inlet ports and out of the total pressure outlet channel; a static pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent at least one of the downstream surfaces and having a plurality of static pressure inlet channels aligned with the plurality of static pressure inlet ports in the at least one of the downstream surfaces and a static pressure outlet channel so that a second portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the static pressure inlet ports and out of the static pressure outlet channel; a differential pressure meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body and including a total pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the total pressure outlet channel, a static pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the static pressure outlet channel, and a differential pressure converter positioned to receive fluid pressure from the total pressure inlet and the static pressure inlet and to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal proportional to density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; and a fluid characteristic determiner positioned in communication with the vortex meter, the differential pressure meter and the thermal flow meter, to process sensed signals therefrom, the fluid characteristic determiner including a first fluid density calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal received from the differential pressure meter and positioned to calculate a first density signal indicative of flowing fluid density and a fluid mass flow rate calculator to calculate a first mass flow rate signal indicative of flowing fluid mass flow rate.
 9. A system as defined in claim 8, wherein the process density meter further comprises a thermal flow meter positioned to produce a second mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline and including: a plurality of thermal sensors positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to provide thermal energy and to sense temperature of a third portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; and a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body and responsive to the plurality of thermal sensors to calculate the second mass flow rate signal.
 10. A system as defined in claim 9, wherein the process density meter further includes a verifier responsive to the first density signal and the first mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to verify accuracy of the first flowing fluid density signal and the first mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner, the verifier including: a second fluid density calculator responsive to the second mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter to calculate a second density signal; and a comparator responsive to the first mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and positioned to receive the second mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter, the volumetric flow rate from the vortex meter, and the second density signal from the second fluid density calculator to compare the first mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner with the second mass flow rate signal from the thermal flow meter and to compare the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner with the second density signal from the second fluid density calculator to verify reliability of both the first mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to output a first verification signal indicating verified mass flow rate from the fluid characteristic determiner and a second verification signal indicating verified density to thereby determine the accuracy of the first mass flow rate signal and the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner.
 11. A system as defined in claim 9, wherein the process density meter further includes a signal conditioner responsive to the first density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and positioned to receive temperature from the ambient temperature sensor of the thermal flow meter and a static pressure signal from the differential pressure meter to condition the first density signal to form a temperature and pressure compensated first density signal.
 12. A process density meter as defined in claim 9, wherein the thermal flow meter further includes a thermal flow probe to house a plurality of thermal sensors and positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body, the thermal flow probe having: a thermal sensor inlet positioned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline and in fluid communication with the first fluid passageway of the pipeline to allow a third portion of fluid flowing through the first fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe; a thermal sensor outlet positioned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first fluid passageway of the pipeline to allow the third portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe; and a thermal probe channel extending between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet so that the third portion of fluid when flowing through the first fluid passageway of the pipeline passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet, and so that the third portion of fluid passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet passes out of the thermal sensor outlet.
 13. A system as defined in claim 12, wherein the plurality of thermal sensors include: an ambient temperature sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to detect ambient temperature of the third portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and thermal sensor outlet; and a thermal flow detection sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the third portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet.
 14. A system as defined in claim 9, wherein the vortex-shedding body has a thermal sensor inlet port positioned in the upstream surface, a thermal sensor outlet port positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces, and a second fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port and positioned so that a third portion of fluid flowing through the first fluid passageway of the pipeline passes therethrough.
 15. A system as defined in claim 14, wherein the thermal flow meter further includes a thermal flow probe to house a plurality of thermal sensors and positioned within the second passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and thermal sensor outlet port in the vortex-shedding body, the thermal flow probe having: a thermal sensor inlet in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port in the upstream surface of the vortex-shedding body to allow the third portion of fluid flowing through the second fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe; a thermal sensor outlet in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port in the at least one of the downstream surfaces of the vortex-shedding body to allow the third portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe; and a thermal probe channel extending between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet so that the third portion of fluid when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet, and so that the third portion of fluid passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet passes out of the thermal sensor outlet and out of the thermal sensor outlet port.
 16. A system as defined in claim 9, wherein the third portion of fluid is obstructed when flowing through the thermal sensors of the thermal flow meter, and wherein the mass flow signal calculator of the thermal flow meter further includes a thermal mass flow signal compensator to compensate for an error induced by the obstructed flow.
 17. A system as defined in claim 8, wherein the differential pressure meter comprises an averaging pitot tube meter, and wherein the differential pressure converter of the differential pressure meter produces a density dependent volumetric flow rate proportional to the quotient of a true flow rate divided by the square root of the ratio of a base specific gravity and a true specific gravity.
 18. A system as defined in claim 8, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, and wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing including a first end, a second end, and a third fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an outer diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 19. A system as defined in claim 8, wherein the pipeline has an upstream and a downstream section, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, and wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing adapted to connect to the upstream and downstream sections of the pipeline and including a first end, a second end, and a third fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an inner diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 20. A system as defined in claim 8, wherein the vortex-shedding body is adapted to connect to the pipeline on opposite sides within the first fluid passageway.
 21. A system as defined in claim 8, further comprising a fluid characteristic display positioned external to the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, in communication with the process density meter, and positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal, the first fluid density signal, and the first mass flow rate signal from the process density meter to display volumetric flow rate, density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid to the user thereof.
 22. A process density meter for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline including a first fluid passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough, and having at least portions thereof positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, the process density meter comprising: a vortex-shedding body positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and having: an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis thereof, at least one downstream surface, a plurality of total pressure inlet ports positioned in the upstream surface, and a plurality of static pressure inlet ports positioned in the at least one downstream surface; a vortex meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body including: a memory having pipeline volume data stored therein, a vortex frequency sensor positioned to sense the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body, and a volumetric flow rate calculator positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor to calculate a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; a total pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the upstream surface and having a plurality of total pressure inlet channels coaxially aligned with the plurality of total pressure inlet ports in the upstream surface and a total pressure outlet channel in fluid communication with the plurality of total pressure inlet channels so that a first portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the total pressure inlet ports and out of the total pressure outlet channel; a static pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the at least one downstream surface and having a plurality of static pressure inlet channels aligned with the plurality of static pressure inlet ports in the at least one downstream surface and a static pressure outlet channel so that a second portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the static pressure inlet ports and out of the static pressure outlet channel; a differential pressure meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body and including a total pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the total pressure outlet channel, a static pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the static pressure outlet channel, and a differential pressure converter positioned to receive fluid pressure from the total pressure inlet and the static pressure inlet and to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal proportional to density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; and a fluid characteristic determiner positioned in communication with the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter to process sensed signals therefrom, the fluid characteristic determiner including a first fluid density calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal received from the differential pressure meter and positioned to calculate a first density signal indicative of flowing fluid density, and fluid mass flow rate calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the differential pressure meter flow rate signal received from the differential pressure meter and positioned to calculate a first mass flow rate signal indicative of flowing fluid mass flow rate.
 23. A process density meter as defined in claim 22, wherein the process density meter further includes an ambient temperature sensor positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline to detect an ambient temperature of a third portion of fluid flowing through the pipeline and produce an ambient temperature signal.
 24. A process density meter as defined in claim 23, wherein the differential pressure converter is also positioned to receive the ambient temperature signal from the ambient temperature sensor, wherein the differential pressure meter flow rate signal is proportional to temperature and pressure compensated density of the fluid when flowing through the pipeline, and wherein the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner is both pressure and temperature compensated.
 25. A process density meter as defined in claim 23, wherein the process density meter further includes a signal conditioner responsive to the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and positioned to receive the ambient temperature signal from the ambient temperature sensor and a static pressure signal from the differential pressure meter to condition the density signal from the first fluid characteristic determiner to form a temperature and pressure compensated first density signal.
 26. A process density meter as defined in claim 22, wherein the differential pressure meter comprises an averaging pitot tube meter, and wherein the differential pressure converter of the differential pressure meter produces a density dependent volumetric flow rate proportional to the quotient of a true flow rate divided by the square root of the ratio of a base specific gravity and a true specific gravity.
 27. A process density meter as defined in claim 22, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, and wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing including a first end, a second end, and a second fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an outer diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 28. A process density meter as defined in claim 22, wherein the pipeline has an upstream and a downstream section, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, and wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing adapted to connect to the upstream and downstream sections of the pipeline and including a first end, a second end, and a second fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an inner diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 29. A process density meter as defined in claim 22, wherein the vortex-shedding body is adapted to connect to the pipeline on opposite sides within the first fluid passageway.
 30. A process density meter as defined in claim 22, further comprising a fluid characteristic display positioned external to the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, in communication with the vortex meter and the fluid characteristic determiner, and positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter, and the fluid density signal and mass flow rate signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to display volumetric flow rate, density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid, to a user thereof.
 31. A process density meter for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline including a first fluid passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough, and having at least portions thereof positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, the process density meter comprising: a vortex-shedding body positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and having: an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis thereof, and a plurality of downstream surfaces; a vortex meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body including: a memory having pipeline volume data stored therein, a vortex frequency sensor positioned to sense the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body, and a volumetric flow rate calculator positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor to calculate a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; a thermal flow meter positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and including: a plurality of thermal sensors positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to provide thermal energy and to sense temperature of a portion of fluid when flowing through the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, and a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator responsive to the plurality of thermal sensors and positioned to produce the mass flow rate signal; and a fluid characteristic determiner positioned in communication with the vortex meter and the thermal flow meter to process sensed signals therefrom, the fluid characteristic determiner including a first fluid density calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the mass flow rate signal received from the thermal flow meter, and positioned to calculate a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density.
 32. A process density meter as defined in claim 31, wherein the thermal flow meter further includes a thermal flow probe to house a plurality of thermal sensors and positioned adjacent to the vortex-shedding body, the thermal flow probe having: a thermal sensor inlet positioned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline and in fluid communication with the first fluid passageway of the pipeline to allow the first portion of fluid flowing through the fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe; a thermal sensor outlet positioned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline to allow the portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe; and a thermal probe channel extending between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet so that the first portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet and so that the portion of fluid passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet passes out of the thermal sensor outlet.
 33. A process density meter as defined in claim 32, wherein the plurality of thermal sensors include an ambient temperature sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to detect ambient temperature of the portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and thermal sensor outlet and a thermal flow detection sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet.
 34. A process density meter as defined in claim 32, wherein the vortex-shedding body has: a thermal sensor inlet port positioned in the upstream surface; a thermal sensor outlet port positioned in at least one of the downstream surface; and a second passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port positioned so that the portion of fluid flowing fluid through the pipeline passes therethrough.
 35. A process density meter as defined in claim 34, wherein the thermal flow probe is positioned within the second passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and thermal sensor outlet port in the vortex-shedding body.
 36. A process density meter as defined in claim 35, wherein: the thermal sensor inlet of the thermal flow probe is in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port in the upstream surface of the vortex-shedding body to allow a first portion of fluid flowing through the second fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe; the thermal sensor outlet of the thermal probe is in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port in the at least one of the downstream surfaces of the vortex-shedding body to allow the first portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe; and the first portion of fluid when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet, passes out of the thermal sensor outlet, and passes out of the thermal sensor outlet port.
 37. A process density meter as defined in claim 31, wherein the portion of fluid is obstructed when flowing through the thermal sensors of the thermal flow meter, and wherein the thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator of the thermal flow meter further includes a thermal mass flow signal compensator to compensate for an error induced by the obstructed flow.
 38. A process density meter as defined in claim 31, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing including a first end, a second end, and a second fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an outer diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 39. A process density meter as defined in claim 31, wherein the pipeline has an upstream and a downstream section, wherein the first fluid passageway of the pipeline has a predetermined inner diameter, and wherein the process density meter further includes a process density meter housing adapted to connect to the upstream and downstream sections of the pipeline and including a first end, a second end, and a second fluid passageway extending therebetween and having an inner diameter substantially the same as the predetermined inner diameter of the pipeline and in fluid communication with flowing fluid to support the vortex-shedding body of the vortex meter within the flowing fluid of the pipeline.
 40. A process density meter as defined in claim 31, wherein the vortex-shedding body is adapted to connect to the pipeline on opposite sides within the first fluid passageway.
 41. A process density meter as defined in claim 31, further comprising a fluid characteristic display positioned external to the first fluid passageway of the pipeline, in communication with the vortex meter and the fluid characteristic determiner, and positioned to receive the volumetric flow rate signal from the vortex meter, the mass flow rate from the thermal flow meter, and the fluid density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner to display volumetric flow rate, density, and mass flow rate of the flowing fluid, to a user thereof.
 42. A method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline using a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline, the method comprising the steps of: measuring a vortex frequency shedding rate of a vortex shedding body with a vortex meter to determine both a fluid flow rate and volumetric flow rate; measuring differential pressure formed between the upstream and downstream of the vortex-shedding body with a differential pressure meter to determine a density and specific gravity dependent fluid flow rate; determining the specific gravity of the flowing fluid from the volumetric flow rate and the differential pressure meter flow rate; determining density from the specific gravity determined from the volumetric flow rate and the differential pressure meter flow rate; and displaying density and volumetric flow rate to a user thereof on a fluid characteristic display positioned to receive density and volumetric flow rate.
 43. A method of claim 42, further comprising the steps of: measuring static pressure and ambient temperature of the flowing fluid; determining pressure and temperature compensated density by compensating the density determined from signals from the vortex meter and differential pressure meter with a static pressure and an ambient temperature of the flowing fluid; determining mass flow rate from the pressure and temperature compensated density and volumetric flow rate; and displaying pressure and temperature compensated density, mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate to a user thereof on a fluid characteristic display positioned to receive pressure and temperature compensated density, volumetric flow rate, and mass flow rate.
 44. A method of claim 43, further comprising the steps of: measuring mass flow rate using a mass flow rate meter, determining density from the mass flow rate and the volumetric flow rate of the vortex meter; and verifying accuracy of the pressure and temperature compensated density and verifying the accuracy of the mass flow rate determined from the pressure and temperature compensated density by comparing the mass flow rate determined from the pressure and temperature compensated density with the mass flow rate measured by the mass flow rate meter and by comparing the pressure and temperature compensated density with the density determined from the mass flow rate measured by the mass flow rate meter.
 45. A method for measuring flowing fluid characteristics in a pipeline using a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within a fluid passageway of the pipeline, the method including the steps of: measuring a vortex frequency shedding rate with a vortex meter to determine both a fluid flow rate and volumetric flow rate; measuring mass flow rate using a mass flow rate meter; determining density from the mass flow rate meter and volumetric flow rate from the vortex meter; and displaying density, mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate to a user thereof on a fluid characteristic display positioned to receive density, volumetric flow rate, and mass flow rate.
 46. A system for measuring fluid flow characteristics in a pipeline, the system comprising: a pipeline including a first fluid passageway having a longitudinal axis to transport fluid therethrough; a process density meter having at least portions thereof positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and including: a vortex-shedding body positioned within the first fluid passageway of the pipeline and having: an upstream surface positioned transverse to the longitudinal axis thereof a plurality of downstream surfaces, a thermal sensor inlet port also positioned in the upstream surface, a thermal sensor outlet port also positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces, and a second fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and the thermal sensor outlet port and positioned so that fluid flowing through the pipeline passes therethrough; a vortex meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body including: a memory having pipeline volume data stored therein, a vortex frequency sensor positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body to sense the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body to thereby produce a fluid flow rate signal responsive to the frequency of vortices shed by the vortex-shedding body, and a volumetric flow rate calculator positioned to receive the pipeline volume data stored in the memory and the flow rate signal from the vortex frequency sensor to calculate a volumetric flow rate signal indicative of volumetric flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline; a thermal flow meter positioned to produce a mass flow rate signal indicative of a mass flow rate of fluid when flowing through the pipeline and including: a thermal flow probe positioned within the second fluid passageway extending between the thermal sensor inlet port and thermal sensor outlet port in the vortex-shedding body to house a plurality of thermal sensors, the plurality of thermal sensors positioned to provide thermal energy and to sense temperature of a portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline, and a thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body and responsive to the plurality of thermal sensors to calculate the mass flow rate signal; and a fluid characteristic determiner positioned in communication with the vortex meter and the thermal flow meter to process sensed signals therefrom, the fluid characteristic determiner including a fluid density calculator responsive to the volumetric flow rate signal received from the vortex meter and the mass flow rate signal received from the thermal flow meter, and positioned to calculate a density signal indicative of flowing fluid density.
 47. A system as defined in claim 46, wherein the thermal flow probe further includes: a thermal sensor inlet in fluid communication with the thermal sensor inlet port in the upstream surface of the vortex-shedding body to allow the portion of fluid flowing through the second fluid passageway to enter the thermal flow probe; a thermal sensor outlet in fluid communication with the thermal sensor outlet port in the at least one of the downstream surfaces of the vortex-shedding body to allow the portion of fluid to exit the thermal flow probe; and a thermal probe channel extending between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet so that the portion of fluid when flowing through the thermal sensor inlet port passes into and through the thermal sensor inlet and so that the portion of fluid passing into and through the thermal sensor inlet passes out of the thermal sensor outlet and out of the thermal sensor outlet port.
 48. A system as defined in claim 46, wherein the plurality of thermal sensors include an ambient temperature sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to detect ambient temperature of the portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and thermal sensor outlet, and a thermal flow detection sensor positioned within the thermal probe channel to sense an amount of thermal energy removed by the portion of fluid flowing between the thermal sensor inlet and the thermal sensor outlet.
 49. A system as defined in claim 46, wherein the portion of fluid is obstructed when flowing through the thermal sensors of the thermal flow meter, and wherein the thermal flow meter mass flow signal calculator of the thermal flow meter further includes a thermal mass flow signal compensator to compensate for an error induced by the obstructed flow.
 50. A system as defined in claim 46, wherein the portion of fluid flowing through the pipeline is a first portion of fluid; wherein the vortex-shedding body further includes: a plurality of total pressure inlet ports positioned in the upstream surface, and a plurality of static pressure inlet ports positioned in at least one of the downstream surfaces; and wherein the process density meter further includes: a total pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent the upstream surface and having a plurality of total pressure inlet channels coaxially aligned with the plurality of total pressure inlet ports in the upstream surface and a total pressure outlet channel in fluid communication with the plurality of total pressure inlet channels so that a second portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the total pressure inlet ports and out of the total pressure outlet channel, a static pressure manifold positioned in the vortex-shedding body and adjacent at least one of the downstream surfaces and having a plurality of static pressure inlet channels aligned with the plurality of static pressure inlet ports in the at least one of the downstream surfaces and a static pressure outlet channel so that a third portion of fluid when flowing through the pipeline passes into and through each of the static pressure inlet ports and out of the static pressure outlet channel, and a differential pressure meter positioned adjacent the vortex-shedding body and including a total pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the total pressure outlet channel, a static pressure inlet positioned to receive fluid flowing through the static pressure outlet channel, and a differential pressure converter positioned to receive fluid pressure from the total pressure inlet and the static pressure inlet and to produce a differential pressure meter flow rate signal proportional to density of fluid when flowing through the pipeline.
 51. A system as defined in claim 50, wherein the differential pressure meter comprises an averaging pitot tube meter, and wherein the differential pressure converter of the differential pressure meter produces a density dependent volumetric flow rate proportional to the quotient of a true flow rate divided by the square root of the ratio of a base specific gravity and a true specific gravity.
 52. A system as defined in claim 50, wherein the process density meter includes a signal conditioner responsive to the density signal from the fluid characteristic determiner and positioned to receive a temperature signal from the ambient temperature sensor of the thermal flow meter and a static pressure signal from the differential pressure meter to condition the first density signal to form a temperature and pressure compensated density signal. 